Active Suspension Types Of Active Suspension

Active Suspension Types Of Active Suspension There are two main groups of active suspensions, the ones altering the suspension settings and the ones regarding the anti-roll systems. The altering suspension setting types are the self-levelling and the height adjustable suspensions. These types of suspension systems aim to maintain the vehicle as flat as possible. The self levelling suspension aims to counteract the difference in axle load between the front and the rear of the car due to loading of the vehicle, breaking or accelerating forces. The height adjustment suspensions cope with the problems of ground clearance and to some extent the stiffness of the suspension. Inside the anti-roll systems there is another classification between active and semi-active anti-roll suspension. Active anti-roll suspensions exert a force in the opposite direction of the rolling force to counteract the effect of the body roll, whereas the semi-active suspension opposes the body roll, usually by increasing the stiffness of the dampers. Regarding the method used to achieve the anti-roll effect the suspensions can be also classified as hydraulic (active), electromagnetic (active), solenoid valve (semi-active) and magneto rheological (semi-active) Michelin as a tyre manufacturer has developed its own suspension system. The system was exposed to the public for the first time in the Paris motorshow of 2008 and it is and a wheel onboard traction and suspension system as shown in the picture below. Figure Michelin Active Wheel Picture, Press Kit 2008 Paris Motor Show This suspension system is a combined traction and suspension electrical system. The Active wheel can incorporate only the suspension components or include an electric motor, and as Michelin claims it could be used in a four wheel drive or a two wheel drive layout depending on power demands. The main advantages of this system is that all the components necessary for the control of the suspension are assembled in the wheel, hence it would not interfere with package constrains or the geometry, and because of that, more cabin space can be fully utilized. Another of the advantages is that is a fully electrical system, so it can be utilized in hybrid cars as the drive of the wheels is done trough an electric motor installed on the wheels. This means that the use of this system could reduce the carbon emissions or fully eliminate them in an electric vehicle. On the other hand, the system is fairly new and needs to be proven in real life situations. Other problems are that the drive must be necessarily done through electric motors, hence not really suitable for the use of a conventional engine alone, and although the costs of the system have not been published, it can be assumed that it would be fairly higher than a conventional active suspension based on the cost of research, development and price of the components alone. Bose Boseà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s approach to a active suspension is another peculiar one, as it is a cross between an in-wheel device and a conventional suspension. The way the mechanism works is by replacing the conventional shock absorbers and spring dampers by a single linear electromagnetic motor at each wheel. These electromagnetic motors are computer controlled to provide a soft suspension, but at the same time are set to self level the vehicle. Also because the electromagnetic motors are computer controlled suspension can be set to counteract the body roll and pitch angle of the vehicle during cornering, braking or acceleration. Overall the system is not intrusive regarding the package constrains of the vehicle as it would be installed using the mounting points of a conventional coil-over spring damper. And in terms of weight, it would be similar to a conventional suspension. Another advantage is that the system would not require the extra weight added by using actuators and torque arms. The main disadvantages are that the system is not a straight replacement as it needs the software to be set up for each vehicle in question, and the potential needs for a bigger battery to cope with the electromagnetic motors demand, and the power usage of recharging the battery. MagneRide MagneRide is the commercial name of the Magneto Rheological suspension developed by Delphi, and lately sold to BWI (Beijing West Industries) group. The Magneto Rheological suspension is primarily a semi-active suspension that by altering the suspension properties of the fluid inside the dampers through electromagnets, changes the stiffness of the suspension. This system although being a semi-active suspension is able to perform almost as well as an active suspension. Unlike a semi-active suspension the control of the suspension stiffness can be changed none linearly to the input response, hence instead for example instead of opposing the body roll, it can be counteracted by further increase of the suspension stiffness. Some of the disadvantages are the added weight and cost of the components compared to a conventional suspension, and that it cannot perform under certain conditions as well as a fully active suspension. Originally this suspension was developed for General Motors, and used in the top end vehicles of the company such as Holden, Buick, Cadillac and Corvette models. Since the introduction of this suspension other companies have used this suspension in some of their performance range such as Audi, Ferrari and Acura. The off-road applications of the MageRide have seen use of this system on the Cadillac SRX and Acura MDX. This suspension system is currently being retrofitted to lightweight tanks and high mobility vehicles as well as in prototypes by the United States Army. Active Stabilizer Suspension System The Active Stabilizer Suspension System is a joint venture between Toyota and Aisin Seiki Co. to develop an innovative suspension for Lexus (Toyotaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s luxury range of vehicles). The system is a fully electrically controlled active suspension system. The way it works is similar to the one currently used by Jaguar-Land Rover, but instead of using a hydraulic system, is using brushless motors geared and connected to the stabilizer bars. Toyota claims that this system is twenty times more energy efficient than a standard servo actuated hydraulic active suspension and its reaction time is also quicker, being considered to be within 20 milliseconds (Suzuki et all, 2006). On the other hand the main disadvantages are the cost and development of the components. This system is being currently offered as an optional extra throughout most of the Lexus range, and also offered in the crossover SUV Lexus RX 450h Hydractive The Hydractive system is a Citroen developed hydro-pneumatic suspension, in which the conventional coil springs and shock absorbers have been replaced by hydro-pneumatic shock absorbers. This system has suffered several revisions, being the current one Hydractive 3 being introduced in 2001. Early versions of the hydro-pneumatic suspension featured a self-levelling and ride height adjustment. The later versions of the Hydractive also feature options such as automatically lowering the ride height above certain speed to reduce fuel consumption or electronically controls that avoid the suspension dropping after the engine is switched off. Also another package, such as the Hydractive Activa suspension, combined the previous advantages with an active suspension eliminating body roll whilst cornering. This suspension system is currently used by the PSA Peugeot Citroen group and at some point this suspension technology has been used by other manufactures and military vehicles. The main advantages of this system are that independently of the load and load distribution, the car will always remain levelled. The system has at the same time a smooth and firm ride. This is due to the dual characteristic of the suspension. Firstly the pneumatic suspension provides a smooth ride because is not as stiff as a conventional spring, but at the same time the hydraulic suspension is less compressible than a conventional spring, providing a solid support when hard breaking or cornering happens. Overall the suspension is more progressive than a conventional coil-over system, being softer under bumps and harder under cornering. On the other hand this suspension has several drawbacks such as being a more complicated and expensive system, which requires specialized maintenance. Another concerning problem is that a system failure will result on ride height loss and a performance drop in the brake and power steering systems. Air suspension Air suspension works in a similar way as the hydro-pneumatic. In the air suspension the conventional coil-over spring dampers are replaced by air bags that are inflated through a compressor to stiffen the suspension when needed. Air suspensions offer similar advantages to the hydro-pneumatic such as self-levelling or an improved ride quality. On the other hand the ride quality is not much greater than conventional coil-over suspensions, and the system suffers from a range of problems such as air bag, air line, compressor or dryer failures. Most of the top end manufacturers and tuning aftermarket companies have developed their own air suspension systems such as Ford (Ford and Lincoln), Land Rover, Mercedes-Benz (Mercedes-Benz and Maybach), Rolls-Royce, SsangYong, Subaru, Toyota (Lexus) and Volkswagen (Volkswagen and Audi) to name a few. PASM The PASM is the trade name for Porsche Active Suspension Management. The PASM is an active air suspension, which is an air suspension as mentioned above that features self levelling and ride height adjustment as well as roll and pitch control. This suspension is offered either as a standard or optional across the 911 and Cayenne ranges. EDC EDC (Electronic Damper Control) is the commercial name that BMW uses for its active suspension system. The ECD uses electronically controlled dampers to adjust the response of each of the wheels trough three different damper curve settings; soft, medium and hard. It is worth noting that there are other features that affect the suspension, but are not connected to the ECD such as the Cornering Brake Control or the Automatic Stability Control. ABC ABC (Active Body Control) is the trade name of Mercedes-Benz own active suspension. The system features roll, pitch and roll control achieved through servo actuated hydraulics. In this respect the system is similar to the current used in the Range Rover, but this system instead of using actuators, uses a modified suspension strut. The ABC suspension strut replaces the conventional dampers with electronically controlled plunger cylinder dampers whilst retaining the coil-over. The mechanism woks in a similar manner, the sensors and accelerometers evaluate the situation and the oil pump send the pressure required to operate the suspension, but instead of using a single valve block and two actuators, the ABC system uses a front and rear servo-valves that in turn sent the oil to each of the four plunger cylinder dampers. http://www.bose.com/learning/project_sound/bose_suspension.jsp http://www.bwigroup.com/static/suspension_magneride/ http://www.autoweb.com.au/cms/newsarticle.html?start=120showall=id=MERdoc=mer9905111 http://www.worldcarfans.com/10609056297/mercedes-cl-class-technology-active-body-control http://www.elecpubs.sae.org/NXT/gateway.dll?f=templatesfn=default.htm Society of Automotive Engineers (2006) à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Development of Electric Active Stabilizer Suspension Systemà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. Paper no. 2006-01-1537. 2006 SAE World Congress Exhibition 3-6 April 2006, Detroit. Suzuki, S., Buma,S., Urababa, S., Nishihara, A., and Taneda, A Society of Automotive Engineers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Stabilizer_Suspension_System http://web.actwin.com/toaph/citroen/work/work.html http://www.porsche.com/kbase.aspx?pool=usatype=kbaseid=c2-detail-chassis-pasmlang=none http://www.porsche.com/kbase.aspx?pool=usatype=kbaseid=cayennecfl-detail-chassispasmlang=none http://www.bmw.com/com/en/insights/technology/technology_guide/articles/electronic_damper_control.html http://www.meeknet.co.uk/E38/EDC_III_Plus.pdf http://www.worldcarfans.com/10609056297/mercedes-cl-class-technology-active-body-control

Importance of Economics in Daily Life Essay

What are the most important concepts you have learned in this Course How can you apply them to your life? What difference can these concepts or tools make in your everyday life? The essence of the education is not just to get the degree, rather to enhance intellectual caliber though learning and developing wisdom in the light of that learning that can be applied in the practical sphere of life. Although anything new that we learn is a value addition to our already developed wisdom; however, the aspect of life where that knowledge can be applied is different. For example, to learn about aviation would add something to a person’s wisdom, yet if that person does not want to make career in aviation or aeronautics that knowledge has little to do with his ordinary life. However, there are some subjects that are important not only to the experts of those fields, rather to all and sundry. Economics is one of them. It is a well known quote that economics is the intellectual religion of the day. In this course, we learned a variety of economics concepts, such as, Supply and Demand, Types of Goods and Markets, Government Policy and International Trade, Labor Markets, Wages and Income, Measuring Economic Health, Federal Reserve and Fiscal Policies, Economic Analysis. The importance of these concepts and tools for an economist is undisputed. Let’s look at how these concepts can help us in our everyday life. At an individual level, even if a person is not an economist, yet by studying economics he would be able to reason out some very simple phenomenon of life, which is actually the application of the different economic concepts. For example, he may reason out for a popular diamond water paradox that would reveal him that commodities rare in supply but greater in demand have higher prices. Likewise, consumer behavior and utility analysis can be understood, which would help him to be a wise and well informed buyer. Thus, at individual level, economics would help because, whatever the profession of the individual may be, being a buyer, he is the part of the economic world. At the community or group level, to be a well-informed and wise citizen, every person should be equipped with at least basic tools of economic analysis. It is quite normal at the time of election that the contesting parties also given a significant space to the economic reforms and policies in their election manifestoes. Having at least a functional knowledge of economic would help to evaluate which party has better policies. Thus, voting decision may also be influenced by the knowledge of economics. Moreover, the wisdom of various economic policies of government may be assessed and that would help to be a better, well informed and better citizen. All in all, based on the abovementioned arguments, it can be concluded confidently that economics enhances the reasoning of an individuals on various issues, at individual as well as group level. Reference Brue, S. , & Mcconnell, C. (2006). Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Many MNEs may want to start operations in some foreign country Essay

Establishment mode means that the MNE starts its operations from scratch in the foreign country usually through a wholly owned subsidiary where as in entry mode; this can be accomplished by a subsidiary or through partnership with a local party which involves shared ownership. In this study the authors examine the effect of same variables on both these choices available to a company. They do it through a series of hypotheses. The first hypothesis measures the positive effect of greater institutional advancement on the choice that the company makes. Institutional advancement is defined in the study as pertaining to changes in formal institutions over a period of time. It is argued that regulatory forces are likely to be a big influence on a decision that an MNE makes with regard to its establishment or entry choice. Regulatory forces or rather Regulative forces as described in the study are not limited to laws and regulations only but also include political and other social factors. The authors conclude that institutional advancement has a positive effect on the choice to establish a subsidiary with shared ownership. The second hypothesis postulated by the authors’ measures the moderating effect of institutional advancement on the tendency of a technologically intense firm to either go for establishment mode or entry mode. It is argued that firms which are technology intense should go for establishment mode because their competitive advantages are embedded in their labor force skills and organizational practices so it is more efficient for them to start from scratch. They should hire and train the local labor force. Furthermore in case of a joint venture or share ownership of the subsidiary, protecting the intellectual rights can be an issue. Protection of such rights is dependent on the judicial system. In transition economics where the judiciary is corrupt and intellectual property rights are not respected, an MNE would be reluctant to transfer its technology. Therefore authors conclude that firm with advanced proprietary technology are likely to prefer establishment mode but level of institutional advancement has a positive moderating effect on such a firm going for entry mode. The third hypothesis measures the moderating effect of institutional advancement on a multidomestic MNE to either go for establishment of entry mode. Multidomestic firms are defined as those which pursue multidomestic strategy and want to establish a sustainable local market presence. For such MNEs acquiring a local company is a more attractive option because such acquisition can provide them with local brands, market knowledge, distribution channels and network relationships with the host country’s other businesses and government. How the restructuring and realignment of the acquired entity can be very challenging. The firms in the host country are likely to be following a different paradigm. But on the other hand if an MNE goes for shared ownership or entry mode, it can accomplish more without facing these difficulties. It is argues that a multidomestic MNE requires lesser control on the subsidiary. If this is so then subsidiaries in the host country can have considerable freedom and operate on their own fully leveraging their local expertise.Hence it is concluded institutional advancement has a positive moderating effect on a multidomestic MNE to go for entry mode. Finally the authors have used an international survey to gather the data to support their findings. The survey consists of a questionnaire with 33 open and close ended questions. Furthermore the MNE’s latest establishment mode choice or entry mode choice has been taken as the dependent variable. Critique This study is no doubt a valuable asset for managers and students alike in studying the behavior of MNEs in making their choices when it comes to Foreign Direct Investment but nevertheless it has a few shortcomings and weaknesses. But the biggest shortcoming of this study is the scope. The authors have primarily taken a sample of European MNEs. And the so called economies in transition are basically east European countries which were once under the iron curtain. Firstly we need to consider the fact that Europeans MNEs may be very different from Japanese or American MNEs and so forth. The establishment or entry mode choice for Japanese firms may be dependent on or moderated by variables other than the ones discussed here. Similarly an MNE whether European or Japanese may decide to invest in some country in Central Asia or North Africa or even South Asia. The market conditions in these countries are very different from those of the transition economies discussed by the authors. This means that the findings in this study are not universally applicable. Nevertheless it is a valuable addition to our knowledge regarding MNE behavior in making Foreign Direct Investment decisions. But for any researcher trying to consult this study, it is very important to keep the above mentioned limitations in mind.

Bipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Human Mind

Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness that has many effects on the human body and mind. It’s found in young adults and children as well. Statistics show that the disorder affects about four million people in the United States and is becoming one of the most common disabilities in the United States today. People with bipolar disorder undergo two types of mood swings: depression and mania. Those two are then divided into subcategories: Bipolar 1 Disorder, Bipolar 2 Disorder, and Cylothymia. This paper will discuss bipolar disorder, the subtypes and the symptoms, as well as causes and treatments. Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic depression, is a mental illness that has a great effect on the human mind. During this disorder, the mind†¦show more content†¦Bipolar disorder is most commonly found in adults, but it usually starts during the childhood and adolescent years. Historical data with youth suggest that the overall prevalence of bipolar disorders in children is approximately 1% of the population, a rate similar to that in adulthood and lower than most other childhood mental illnesses (Apps J, Winkler J, Jandrisevits MD, 2008). Strober et al said that 54 adolescents with bipolar I disorder over a period of 5 years and reported a high rate of recovery (96%) from the index episodes, and a moderate rate of relapse (44%) (Birmaher, 2013). In the Indian study 30 bipolar subjects with onset in childhood and adolescence were assessed systematically at baseline and 4-5 years later (Birmaher, 2013). Adolescents with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for complete d suicides. Strober et al. reported medically significant suicide attempts in 20% of their adolescent sample (Birmaher, 2013). It is very important that as parent you watch out for you child anytime that they show signs of having a bipolar disorder. 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